Operational Budgeting and Profit Planning Essay

Introduction: Why Budget? While a budget planning is a laborious process it is crucial for the success of any company. The budgeting process forces managers to be proactive in planning for the future while fostering communication and coordination within a company. Different departments must work together in order to develop a proper budget. A properly formulated budget will aid to define a company’s objectives and provides guidelines to avoid wasted actions. Also, risk can be mitigated when objectives and action plans are clarified through the budgeting process. This article will identify the key components of a budget as well as the methodologies involved in the budgeting process. The influences of management behavior will be discussed followed by a brief example of bad budgeting practices and its consequences. Master Budget The master budget is a summary of a company’s plans that sets concrete targets for sales, production, distribution and financing activities. Companies prepare cash budget not only for operating activities but also for investing and financial activities. This is because management should be aware in advance of any borrowing needs and when loans can be repaid. Budgets are interdependent because the figures of one budget are conventionally utilized in the preparation of another. Budget estimates are dependent on the nature of the business, its products and services, processes, organization, and management needs. It is a detailed model of the firm’s operating cycle that includes all internal processes which is developed into a cash budget, a budgeted income statement, and a budgeted balance sheet. Advantages The Master Budget defines the organizations objectives and strategies. As well as allowing the company to realistically project future cash flows, it also smoothens the functioning of organizations operating cycle. Disadvantages Disadvantages of developing a master budget is that it is both time consuming and highly complex. However, it should be noted that the advantages of a proper Master Budget far outweighs the disadvantages. Components of the Master Budget The Sales Budget includes the forecast of sales revenue, sale units and sales collection in the future market conditions. The Purchase budget would include purchase of merchandise for sale and raw material for manufacturing. It is expressed in terms of sales dollars. The Selling Expense Budget presents expenses the organization plans to incur in connection with sales and distribution. The General and Administrative Expense Budget presents the expenses the organization plans to incur in connection with general administration such as the accounts department, the IT department, law etc. The Cash Budget summarizes all cash receipts and disbursements expected to occur during the budgeting period. After a company makes sales predictions, an organization uses information regarding credit terms, collection policy, and prior collection experience to develop a cash collection budget. Other items included are an allowance for bad debt, cash sales, sales discount, allowance for volume discounts, and seasonal changes of sales prices and collections. The cash budget shows cash operations deficiencies and surplus expected to occur at the end of each month, which is used to plan for borrowing and loan payments. Budgeted Financial Statements are pro forma statements that reflect the â€Å"as  if† effects of the budgeted activities on the actual financial position of the organization. It reflects the results of operations assuming the budget predictions. Budget Development in a Manufacturing Organization Manufacturing organization converts the raw materials into finished goods and sells it to the customer for consumption. It prepares the master budget before production to make the organization successful and survive in a competitive environment. For example, a Bicycle manufacturer will plan a Master Budget in the following fashion: A Sales Budget will be based on the anticipation of sales of the Bicycle and pricing policy, expected number of units to be sold and the revenue generated. Once the sales budget is completed the Production Budget will derive the total volume of Bicycle units to be manufactured based on the targeted sales and inventory required to maintain sales. For example, if the expected number of sales of Bicylces for the month of January is 500 units, the production budget will plan for 650 units (Sales projected (500) + inventory as per company s strategy (30%)). The Purchase budget will be obtained based on volume of Bi Cycles to be manufactured, material required to manufacture a single unit and the cost of materials. As per the above example, the material required for 650 units will be budgeted for the month of January. The Manufacturing Cost Budget will be derived from the cost of making 650 units of bicycles using the design of product and process used to manufacture while considering the raw material cost, direct labor cost and manufacturing over headed cost. Finalizing the Budget For efficient and effective budgeting two questions must be addressed: Is the proposed budget feasible? Is the proposed budget acceptable? To be feasible the organization must be able to implement the proposed budget. Possible actions include obtaining equity financing, issue long-term debt, reducing the amount of inventory on hand, or obtaining a line of credit. Constraints for infeasibility are availability of merchandise and production capacity for a manufacturer. When evaluating the budget, management must consider various financial ratios such as return on assets, profit margins, etc. The company must compare the return provided by the proposed budget, the past budget and industry average as well as the organization’s goals. Budgeting Methodologies Input/Output Approach Companies using the Input/Output approach calculate the required input or resources through estimating the potential output or performance. For example, if a microchip manufacturing plant requires 5 grams of metal to create one microchip and each gram costs $2, then each microchip costs $10 of material. Thus, a projected output of 1000 microchips would cost $10,000 and 5 kilograms of material. This approach is mainly used for industries with a measurable relationship between effort and return, such as manufacturing, service, and merchandising but is not compatible with industries that are inelastic to unit level changes. Activity-based Approach The Activity-based Approach is subset of the Input/Output which reduces the potential for error by determining cost through evaluating the cost of each activity in the manufacturing process rather than focusing on inputs such as machine or labor hours. Thus, the approach provides a more accurate picture of costs involved by providing costs at each level of production. It results in a more efficient budget by allowing the identification of the optimal set of activities. However, it is far more time consuming to produce. Incremental Approach A budget prepared using the previous year budget as a base with some percentage increase or decrease is called incremental budget. Budget  justification is to be given only for the percentage change not for the base amount (previous year’s budget). This type of budget is best suited for non-profit organizations, government organizations or in organizations in which the amount of output is weakly correlated to the money spent. For example, the Boston Public School budget for FY12 increased by 1.2% from the FY 11 and for FY11 it increased by 0.4% of the FY 10 budgets (OBM 2011, 2012). The increase in both budgets was justified as improving opportunities for English Language learners, arts and physical education, but not for their existing programs. The advantages of this budget are that it is easy to practice, quick preparation, stability and conflict avoidance between departments due to different budget approval. Some of the main disadvantages are there is no incentive to red uce expense as peopmsle are tempted to spend the allotted expense so that their future budget is not affected. Also, no room for innovative changes to the budget is given. Minimum Level Approach In this type of approach a minimum budget level is fixed for carrying out ongoing projects and activities and anything above the budget should be justified. For example, the R&D budget in a pharmaceutical company is fixed for ongoing projects and new projects must be approved by the management. Main advantages are ongoing projects will not be disturbed due to budget changes and last year budget will not be approved without revision as in the case of Incremental approach. The Minimum level approach is considered as Zero Level Budgeting in some organizations in which for every amount spent, justification must be (TWF n.d.). For example if an R&D department of an Electronics manufacturer puts forth many project proposals to the management , based on the market trend and project feasibility, the management will approve the most profitable project. Advantages of this method are that allocation of resources is very efficient and detects inflated budgets. However, this method consumes a significant amount of time and resources. Manager Behavior Top-down vs. Bottom-up In addition to macro methods of budgeting (Input/output, activity based, incremental, and minimum level) there is also a distinction between top-down/imposed and bottom-up/participative budgets. These two methods represent opposite extremes of a spectrum of which a company’s budgeting procedure may fall on any point. As the name suggests, a Top-down Budget is formulated by a small number of high ranking managers who make all decisions regarding a company’s objectives which are then received by the lower managers who implement the plan. Because only a few people are involved in the decision making, it is quick and saves time. It also avoids the cushion that is lower management tend to build into their budgets. However, because only a few people are involved in the decision-making process, those not involved may lack the motivation and commitment to properly implement the plan. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the Bottom-up process of budgeting. It begins at the lowest possible management level, whose budget plan is then integrated with the proposals at the next level. The process is continued until a comprehensive holistic budget is developed for the company. The Bottom-up process ensures that managers at each level clearly understand their roles in meeting company objectives. Therefore, budgets are usually far more accurate and employees are more committed to their self-made budget. However, inefficiencies tend to occur with a bottom-up process. Managers tend to provide a budgetary slack (understating revenues or overstating expenses) in order to provide a cushion against underperformance or unfavorable reviews. While this may cause inefficient spending, it can provide funds to reduce risky activities of which there is insufficient information. Budgeting Periods There are three types of budgeting periods used by companies: Fixed-length, Life Cycle and Continuous/Rolling Budgets. The type of period used is determined by the context of the budget. Most companies use fixed-length budgets determined at the beginning of a specified period. However, for single projects, a Life Cycle budget is more attractive, where a company  determines the budget for the entire project; especially if the project occurs within a period or over multiple periods. A continuous budget may be more useful than a fixed-budget as it forces managers to be continually updating their budget. Where a one-year budget plan is only available at the beginning of the year, a 4 quarter rolling budget requires managers to continually have a budget plan for a whole year at the beginning of each quarter, thus, sustaining the budgets relevancy. Forecasts, Ethics, and Open Book Management In addition to deciding methodologies of budgeting, a manager must also consider company forecasts, ethics and employee support. A manager must allow for the development of various forecasts and consider them during the budgeting process. Industry forecasts, such as economic conditions, as well as internal forecasts, such as collection periods, should be factored into the budget. Because ethical issues regarding budgeting are rarely illegal, there is a strong incentive to either pad the budgetary slack or overstate performance. Organizations should be firm in their rules against unethical behavior as it is easy to fall into a moral gray area. Finally, in order to properly motivate employees by gaining support for the budget, many companies have adopted an Open Book Management approach. The approach involves interacting with employees by sharing information and teaching employees to understand the relevant financial information. Sample Analysis A well formulated budget is crucial in order to facilitate a company’s operations. However, when a company’s budget is poorly formulated, it can have disastrous consequences. An example is OGX Petrà ³leo e Gà ¡s Participaà §Ãƒ µes S.A. owned by Eike Batista. At the company’s peak in 2009, it achieved an IPO of $3 billion (Spinetto et al. 2013). However, the company filed for bankruptcy on Oct. 30, 2013 with debts of $5.11 billion with Batista being sued for violations of disclosure ruels (Fontevecchia 2013). While its failure was due to a variety of factors, we will argue that poor budgeting  is a crucial factor. Within the petroleum industry, the exploration and production process is both a high risk and high expense venture where predicted outputs require complex calculations (Suslick et al. 2009). Even after production has begun, the projected output may change depending on a variety of variables (Katusa 2012). OGX had calculated potential output at 4.8 billion barrels and therefore invested heavily into the required infrastructure based on this estimate (Spinetto 2013). However, these decisions were made before the wells were operational which resulted in final outputs at roughly 50% of the initial amount (Katusa 2012). Management decisions at OGX were made by Bastista and a small group of managers and its inputs were based on an estimation of outputs (Katusa 2012, Spinetto 2013). In addition, performance was highly overstated due to â€Å"[Batista’s] tendency to shoot the messenger† (Spinetto 2013). Therefore, OGX should have adopted a bottom-up minimum level approach of budgeting as well as adopting a policy of reporting performance after confirmation. A bottom-up approach would have generated a much more precise picture of performance and costs while a minimum-level approach would have required confirmation of projected outputs before beginning operations at the cost of time. In addition, reporting performance after confirmation would have avoided any overstatements of performance. Conclusion To be successful in a competitive environment a company must develop proper Master Budget in order to promote proactive thought, communication and coordination within a company. It is also an important aide to planning and risk management. In order for a company to run smoothly, the Master Budget must balance all the variable constituents of a company’s operational activities. In addition, methodologies used, while utilized at the management’s discretion, should reflect the context of the company’s operations. As illustrated in the OGX example, failure to properly develop a budget can have catastrophic consequences to a company. References City of Boston: Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2011. Summary Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget_tcm3-16341.pdf City of Boston: Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2012. Summary of Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget%20A_tcm3-24767.pdf Easton, P.D., Halsey, R.F., McAnally, M.L., Hartgraves, A., & Morse, W.J. 2013. Financial & Managerial Accounting for MBAs 3rd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Business Publishers. Fontevecchia, A. 2013. Death of the Brazilian Dream: Ex-billionaire Eike Batista’s OGX Files for Bankruptcy. Forbes, Oct. 30. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2013/10/30/death-of-the-brazilian-dream-ex-billionaire-eike-batistas-ogx-files-for-bankruptcy/ Katusa, M. 2012. Brazilian Oil Dreams Get a Sobering Reality Check. Casey Research, July 2012. Available at: http://www.caseyresearch.com/cdd/brazilian-oil-dreams-get-sobering-reality-check Spinetto, J.P., Millard, P., & Wells, K. 2013. How Brazil’s Richest Man Lost $34.5 Billion in a Year. Bloomberg Businessweek. (October): 60-65. Suslick, S.B., Schlozer, D., & Rodriguez, M.R. 2009. Uncertainty and Risk Analysis in Petroleum Exploration and Production. Terrae 6 (1): 30-41.

Plato, Greek Art and Censorship Essay

It is imperative that we begin the illustration of Plato’s pursuit for censorship with the definition of his times, the context by which his beliefs on music and poetry were formulated.   Greece during Hellenic times was distinctively marked by a superior regard to the polis or the city-state. With what the civil wars wrought to its citizens, the Greeks developed a strong inclination towards the attainment of what they believed to be the kallipolis or the ideal state, one that is marked by justice, order and harmony, and will do everything in its power to preserve it. The general concession of its superiority justified acts which would have been highly condemnable in the present times. Acts like infanticide and common life are surely not to arouse the approval of the many. One of the necessary steps that Plato strongly advocated for the attainment of the idea state, was the censorship of the arts, music and poetry alike. In summary he claims that the polis needed to constrain its arts, to mitigate its negative influences and curb the dangerous effect of its mimeric nature if they were to avoid the disruption of the state, more like its demise considering how pervasive arts was during the Hellenic period. Plato’s definition of censorship came in the form of 1) the prohibition of music that was intrinsically bad, and 2) the sanctioning of tales that were weaved from a state of madness, thereby promoting false virtues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On Music – It was a general belief during those times that there existed some form of music that was intrinsically bad or an aberration to the natural harmony of the universe. These were the songs whose words upheld false virtues and songs whose musical tones were derived from the improper order of interval. There in the sequencing of its notes lay a palpable sense of disharmony and discordance which mathematicians and philosophers went to great lengths to prove.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is to be said too that the soul is part of a force called Harmonia – a force that brings to union all elements of the universe, good and bad. The soul acts like a sponge, is its modern rhetoric equivalent, absorbing the discordance of the notes and sending the soul to a confused state as it cannot adequately grasps the things it acquires (Republic 78). The faculties of the physical body become misguided and the resulting man is one who is corrupt and unable to discern what is just from not. Hence, guardians, producers and rulers were considered susceptible to music’s negative influences and must be then censored by the polis if it were to protect man’s virtues. Rhythm and harmony penetrate the inner part of the soul and that gracelessness, bad rhythm and disharmony are akin to bad words and character (Republic III)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This was perhaps the first attempt to advance the concept of the subliminal meaning. The Doctrine of Ethos – music’s ability to form one’s character – still remains on solid ground after centuries. I find sense in what these early philosophers claim. How else do we explain the anarchic proclivities of Rock Music and Rap’s inclination towards street violence despite shifts in paradigm of the many generations that have passed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On Poetry – Here Plato refers to drama, tragedies and words of a song without the musical notes.   Unlike the subliminal effect of some music, poetry has a more direct and invasive effect to one’s character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plato’s Theory of Forms states that Nature is an imperfect representation of the ideal and perfect reality of Forms; that man ought to take actions that will bring him closer to the reality of Forms. If poetry represents that which is already imperfect, the resulting work ushers man away from the light and further into the shadows. Without the light, man now becomes a slave to the shadows he continuously imitates.   Moreover, when exposed to poetic illusions man naturally takes on what he sees and starts to assume the character of the poetic subject, in whole or in parts. This mimeric nature, Plato says, is dangerous as this will distract man from achieving his highest state of being.   It is better to stick to one craft and be good at it than to acquire all trades but be good at none. Guardians must be prohibited to learn the trade of the poets. This is   to ensure that his optimum self is achieved.   Otherwise he starts to neglect his duties to the state.   Also, the process of producing poetry sends the artist in a temporal state of divine inspiration or madness, simply that he loses all sense of rationality, he weaves one that is not according to Reason’s dictates but that of his many passions, ignorance and possibly appetites albeit the poetic charm. Anything that is far from Reason is necessarily deemed unhealthy for the kallipolis. Clearly the Hellenic times were defined by their end goals. Plato and others saw censorship, along with many state policies, as a justified means to their end. The present times, however, see a completely different paradigm. People have long shown the world that the morality of the means is just as considerable as the end itself. Censorship to a substantial part of the world is unacceptable. Now, it’s all about rights to freedom of speech and expression. When New Zealand Broadcasting Standards Authority decides to cut off offensive language from the radio, immediately journalists are tagging it as discrimination. In US alone how many controversial lawsuits, to include a high school valedictorian as complainant, have been filed because people have been forbidden to make religious references. Plato would have been shocked, even enraged at this underlying idea of the Individual catching up with the State; or the state policies being subservient to Individual Rights. He would have thought it a narrow insight and I completely agree.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All this talk on Rights and Freedom of Expression is based on the faulty assumption that 1) everyone is capable of responsible and sensible expressions, and 2) everyone is capable of judicious interpretations of these expressions. When truth of the matter is that when people make tirade speeches against a group , they almost always fail to consider the sensibilities of whose who are being attacked. One’s unguarded   expression becomes another one’s discrimination. To compound things, people are impressionable. Plato was correct when he said that man naturally adopts the things he sees and hears no matter how unjust and far from virtues. Man doesn’t generally step back and take a moment to carefully weigh what he perceives. To those who can, notice that they don’t go out of their way to educate the public. These educated minds have become an elite preferring apathy. This is what turns expressions into social disturbances. Sooner or later when more people start to believe, these expressions become acceptable truths. Eventually they become imbibed as values. With the advent of the digital age, things are even escalated. The cyberspace contains practically all sorts of information, educated, trash, pornographic and otherwise, which can be accessed by anyone even those who are not in the right minds to discern right from wrong. Censorship, contrary to what people believe as a tyrannical act against freedom, is simply responsible regulation. It is to ensure that information is accessed   by the right audience and that the propensity of these expressions to stir and rouse disturbances is curbed. This time it is to preserve not the State but the Society with the Individual at its core and Values at stake. Each processes information or whatever elements one picks up from the cosmos in various ways and degrees. What misguided minds process as motivation for unjust ways may be an educated mind’s trigger for higher knowledge. But if takes only one out of a thousand and perhaps millions of minds to have his virtues corrupted because of unregulated information, that for me, and should so for the progressively liberal states, provide more than enough justification for censorship.   It is a rational step to reduce freedom’s excesses especially in a time where the universe presents wider, freer and borderless ways by which man can inflict harm to another, even to himself. Works Cited Plato. â€Å"The Republic†, translated by Benjamin Jowett,

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critical Analysis - Essay Example (Storer v. Manchester City Council1).However it must be stressed that not all communications are offers. An invitation to treat is an invitation by one person to the other to commence negotiations. An advertisement is generally treated as an invitation to treat. (Partridge v. Crittenden2). However the courts in Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.3 found that an advertisement constituted to be an offer. The main reason was that an amount of reward which had been specified was guaranteed, this was seen by the fact that 1000 pounds had been deposited in the bank. However a revocation of a unilateral offer has caused problems. It has been suggested by Treitel that revocation of an offer may occur by the same means of communication of offer. The problem that the courts have faced at times is that of ascertaining when acceptance of a unilateral offer has taken place. The uncertainty that has been caused due to such problems of offer, acceptance and revocation must be resolved by adopting a legislative act and to form an integrated approach to remove any uncertainty. Thus the case law can be taken into account and an Act can be put into effect. The uncertainties will be resolved in the sense that clear points would be present as to when a unilateral offer has come into affect, when acceptance of such offer has taken place and finally of revocation. However if an act is established it would provide a bit more certainty at the cost of flexibility. Thus the flexibility which has prevailed in contract law might be said to be given away. However it can be said that certainty is a vital factor which would be more beneficial than flexibility. In the case of David it can be said that the acceptance would only take place after he had found the coins. Thus the revocation would have taken place if Perry had revoked the offer through the same newspaper. Presuming that David had not been informed of the

Customers Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customers Insurance - Essay Example That said, Social Media such as Facebook and LinkedIn are now far more widely used than conventional advertising platforms by ‘smaller’ customers, so focusing our marketing and sales effort on Social Media should, therefore, be very seriously considered.It must also be recognized that our competitors will be proceeding in a similar manner - on the other hand, if they are not, Our Company will have an immediate, and perhaps decisive, competitive advantage, at least temporarily!This Outline Proposal constitutes the Executive Summary for a much more extensive document which will set out the detailed requirements for the proposed personal Insurance Risk Management facility, which will be compiled should the Board consent to this project.In order to address this new market segment, Our Company will need to fundamentally review it’s Customer Relationship Management (CRM) procedures, particularly in view of ‘small client’ purchasers of our products, particul arly small business enterprises, sole traders, and individuals. In addition to this, small business enterprises, sole traders and individuals, lacking even a meaningful fraction of the commercial and financial resources available to our existing corporate clients, will be paying particular attention to a particularly competitive price for our products, which will relief on the ability of Our Company to achieve this in terms of our portfolio of insurance products responding to price reductions offered by our competitors.

The Ways We Lie Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Ways We Lie - Research Paper Example ng copywriter, and an author to Companion through the Darkness, in her writing of â€Å"The Ways We Lie,† tries to bring to light the numerous ways in which human beings lie to each other. The lies are justifiable by those who tell while others are not. She argues that every one of us is bound to lie and we do find excuses to get out of it when caught. There are many types of lying, which are to be discussed in this paper, and giving some examples to show how they are told. Ericsson believes that it is practically impossible to live without lying. She even tried doing that herself for a whole week, and she says that it was ‘paralyzing’ and that ‘there must be a merit to lying’. When you lie, it puts an end to the pressing issue or the situation one is in, but others require a series of lies that could go on for a lifetime. If one is not careful, the truth comes out at some point. All they had told becomes null and they get into trouble. The white lie, we are all guilty of this. When we are with our friends, we often lie to them in their faces so that we cannot hurt their feelings (Krentz, 2007). ‘You look okay in the suit’ we tell this to someone getting into an interview room so that they do not panic before they get an interview for their dream job. If we were to tell them the truth at that moment, they may back out from what they were doing and try to concentrate on the not so important details, which may lead them to fail. Men lie to their women almost every morning before they go to work, ‘Honey, your hair is perfect’, yet they have not even given the hair a look at all. Bergen Evans, an English professor said: A man who will not lie to a woman has very little consideration for her feelings. Deflection is another type of lying. It is easily visible in court when you make an accusation against someone and do not have a way to defend themselves. The only option for them is to keep quiet until the other party says something offensive about

Gay Marriage Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gay Marriage - Research Paper Example The reasons for my belief will be discuss thoroughly in the following pages. But before that discussion, I shall present the history of gay marriage in America and the controversial landmark ruling of the Supreme Court regarding the legalization of gay marriage in San Francisco back in 2004. I shall have discussions regarding how countries such as the Netherlands have already recognized that these unions are valid and carry specific economic benefits for all concerned. I will touch upon the fact that 19 states beginning with New York, San Francisco, and Massachusetts, including California have already passed state laws legally recognizing these unions. It is my belief that our national laws and policies must be revised to follow suit or else it will fall behind the times and become irrelevant in our future societies. I will prove that in the long run, gay marriage is exactly what we need in order to cure certain problems within the psyche of our nation. In America, the first document ed case of gay marriage license application dates back to 1967 when Michael McConnel and Richard John Baker applied for an Oklahoma marriage license. This was the time of the Stonewall Riots and a huge wave of change was taking over the gay and lesbian communities. (Eskridge & Spedale 5). The Stonewall riots were taken by the gay and lesbian community as a chance to have: ... marched out of their closets and challenged their outlaw status. Lesbian and gay activists insisted that the state should no longer treat them as presumptive criminals and should instead, treat them the same as it treated straight citizens. This was the first time that the once hidden in the shadows issue of gay marriage came to the forefront of a public debate that would run for over 30 years. The state was now in a precarious position. Do they allow the re-definition of marriage as also covering same sex couples or not? Marriage had always been defined as a union between a man and a woman for decades. Now tha t definition was being challenged and the state felt a need to protect the sanctity of marriage as defined by their understanding of the law. And that is exactly what the state legislators did. But true love will never be denied. To this day, in the states where gay marriage is not yet recognized, they continue to have life bonding commitment ceremonies and construct families by conceiving children through artificial means. They are in fact, leading the normal life of any traditional couple. However prude that the United States proved to be, other countries during the same time frame were already recognizing the rights of gay couples and treating them with the normalcy that they so deserved as citizens of their country. Denmark and Sweden were the first countries to allow and recognize same sex unions. In fact Denmark is noted as, in 1989, having been the first country to: ...enact a law enacting (almost) all the rights of marriage to same sex couples. These unions, were called regi stered partnerships. ((Eskridge & Spedale 5) Due to the approval of this law in Denmark, there was an influx of gay couples into the country coming from other countries like the United States, who took advantage of the law by registering and residing in Denmark as same sex couples. As an institution, marriage by definition has been challenged and revised by same sex couples across the globe over the past decades. Although not

Women in GoT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women in GoT - Essay Example However despite some of these obviously demeaning portrayals, the Game of Thrones gives women a significant placing in the land of Westeros. Daenerys emerges as the leader of a powerful army that goes about freeing slaves. She is supported by men but retains the counsel of her handmaiden Missandei. It shows the faith she places in her fellow woman above all else (Game of Thrones). Catelyn Stark and Cersei Lannister are also examples of the way women in the series show considerable strength to navigate their various families. Arya is also a major character as she shows she is strong enough to survive as a prisoner and then with the Hound and finally in Braavos (Game of Thrones). Her sister Sansa also grows up from a frightened and abused girl at Joffrey’s hands to a cunning companion to Littlefinger. Even Melissandre is shown to be the real power behind Stannis Baratheon (Game of Thrones). From these examples it is possible to see that the show can be viewed from two distinct p oints of

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example ult or confusing because the range of his audience is very broad and this text deals with an issue which is not directed towards a specific audience but it seems to be directed towards general public and towards the authorized people who can implement his ideas about education. The philosophical nature of the text suggests that it is written keeping in mind the academic expert who has some understanding of what he wants to say. He generalizes his argument. For instance, he writes, â€Å"all education proceeds by the participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race" (Dewey 77). Dewey is not talking about specific education, but the word â€Å"all† is used with the word education to talk about the education, in general. Generalization of the argument is one of his techniques to emphasize the importance of the topic he is discussing. In addition, another important aspect of his writing is his use of words, and his sentence structures are also very important rhetorical choices. Dewey is very prudent in his choice of words. He uses very simple words in the text. The use of simple wording in his arguments helps the readers in understanding the meaning of the text. Here is an excerpt from the text as an example is given to show how he uses simple words for facilitating the readers, â€Å"Without insight into the psychological structure and activities of the individual, the educative process will, therefore, be haphazard and arbitrary...if it does not, it will result in friction or disintegration, or arrest of the child nature" (Dewey 77). In addition to above, the sort of words, he uses in this article implies that whatever he is stating is true or fact. The word â€Å"believe† at the beginning of the every paragraphs function as an iteration which increases the importance of his argument and the words â€Å"true education† give the sense of truth or fact. Besides, the words â€Å"I believe† at the beginning of every paragraph also suggests that whatever,

The case of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] QB 728 Essay

The case of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] QB 728 - Essay Example This traditional approach can be seen in the case of Serbian Loans3 any contract that is not a contract between states in their capacity as subjects of international law is based on the municipal [domestic] law of some country The rules thereof may be common to several states and may even be established by international conventions or customs, and in the latter case may possess the character of true international law governing relations between states.4 Therefore when it comes to investment contracts between states then it will have elements of adhering to the contractual word of the agreement; as well as the duty of care that the obligations are met as in public international contractual agreements. There has been a suggestion that cases that are on a private international matter allows the domestic court that makes the decision have an extraterritorial effect in imposing the obligation across borders, i.e. applying the higher standard of obligation and care that public internationa l law holds.5 On the other hand, the case of Holmes v Bangladesh Biman6 argued that foreign jurisdictions have no legitimate reason for subjecting their civil law on foreigners in their own country. Therefore these two cases make it difficult for correctly pursuing fraud, negligence or any circumstance that leads to an action when it is a case of foreign investment, i.e. where would you make the action and could you legally serve and enforce the action papers in foreign jurisdiction. However, it seems that the Libyan Bank Case was ahead of its time although it did surround a time of terrorism that was strikingly the same as the 9-11 attacks, such as the Lockerbie case. Therefore business law is under an obligation at state and at international levels to protect security, by imposing a duty for businesses to disclose any actions that would indicate terrorism, organized crime or threaten national and international security. Yet, as the following case study will illustrate that freezing assets is a common approach and duty of the bank that is mainly prevalent in Post 9-11, which the Libyan Bank Case failed to do.7 On 2 September, High Court of Justice in London rules in favor of Libya, orders Bankers Trust London to transfer to Libyan Arab Foreign Bank $131 million, plus accrued interest, that has been blocked by US assets freeze. US Treasury authorizes payment on 9 October. 2) In the era of terrorism and protection of the security of states, this means that financial institutions and international businesses are embarking on a different era of state co-operation. Companies are faced with being diligent in ensuring that they are free from fear of money laundering investigations. On of the strictest guidelines can be seen in the EU, therefore Barclays Bank Plc the fourth largest bank in the world ensures that their regulations are strict as their mother state is the UK. It has been realized that one of best methods to stop organized crime is through stricter policing of finances. The EU has become a lot stricter in this area, especially in respect to opening bank accounts and the ID required

Marketing Planning Process Assigment Assignment

Marketing Planning Process Assigment - Assignment Example The marketing plan of greetings card of the company facilitates to know the details of Phoenix Trading Ltd and the position of its cards in the market. The paper contains two parts i.e. Part A and Part B. In the first part, the situational analysis of the product is examined in order to understand the entire external and internal scenario of the greetings card segment of the company and of the market. The SWOT analysis process facilitates to understand the existing environmental scenario of the company and the product and its growth prospects in future. It has been identified that the company has several traders in various countries and about 100 million cards are sold. It provides extreme focus towards maintaining the quality of cards and artistic designs and has various product ranges. There are several weaknesses associated with the cards regarding their incapability to produce e-cards business. However, from the market survey it has been found that there are huge opportunities fo r this product if it is re-launched in a different way with special features. Through the segmentation of the market of the UK on the basis of definite criteria the company can target the specific consumers and markets and manufacture the products according to their preferences and can become successful. The audit of the market also found that there is still the need of such innovative designed cards in the market. ... Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Part A 6 1.0Situational Analysis 6 2.0Objectives 8 2.1Corporate Objectives 8 2.2 Marketing Objectives 8 3.0Strategy 9 3.1Chosen Growth Strategy 9 3.2Chosen Competitive Strategy 10 4.0Segmentation Targeting Position 11 5.0 Tactics 12 5.1 Product Features 12 5.2 Pricing Strategy 13 5.3 Place 14 5.4 Promotion 15 5.4.1 Communication Strategy 17 5.4.2 Gantt Chart 17 5.4.3 Budget 18 5.5 People 18 5.6 Process 18 5.7 Physical Evidence 19 Part B 20 6.0 Importance of Marketing Plan 20 7.0 Process of Marketing Audit 21 7.1 Theoretical Explanation of process Market Audit 21 7.2 Internal Environment 22 7.3 External Environment 23 8.0 Process to STP 24 8.1 Segmentation 24 8.2 Targeting 25 8.3 Positioning 26 9.0 Barriers for Implementation 27 10.0 References 30 Appendix 37 Part A 1.0 Situational Analysis Situational analysis is included in marketing planning step as it helps to analyse the present situation of an organisation. In this marketing plan, situationa l analysis is conducted to identify the external opportunities as well as threats faced by Phoenix Trading Ltd. This analysis also facilitates to recognise the interior strengths and weaknesses of the organisation (IFUW, n.d.). SWOT analysis is a model that facilitates to develop basis for the generation of marketing plan of the re-launching of a product i.e. greetings card of Phoenix Trading Ltd. The main function of SWOT analysis is to gather information after evaluation from the environment and categorise it into internal aspects such as strengths and weaknesses as well as external issues i.e. opportunities along with threats (Danca, n.d.). Strengths The Phoenix Trading Ltd’s greetings cards

Water Resource Challenges Essay Example for Free

Water Resource Challenges Essay Irrigation allows farmers to increase the productivity of land. Food production is an important concern particularly with the ever increasing population thus it is essential that even arid and semiarid lands are utilized. This is only possible through irrigation. Unfortunately, traditional irrigation generally makes inefficient use of water. This involves flooding the land or diverting water through open channels. However, plants absorb only about 40 percent while the rest evaporates into the atmosphere or seeps into the ground. One of the most important innovations in agricultural water conservation is micro irrigation which is also called drip or trickle irrigation. Micro irrigation includes all methods of frequent water application, in small flow rates, on or below the soil surface. Water is distributed using an extensive hydraulic pipe network that conveys water from its source to the plant. Ideally, the volume of water is applied directly to the root zone in quantities that is measured in accordance to the plant’s absorption capacity. Due to the manner in which water is applied by a micro irrigation system, only a portion of the soil surface and root zone of the total field is wetted. An efficiency in irrigation is achieved that result in a significant reduction in water use and even that of fertilizers which can be conveyed through the same system. With water concentrated on the area where it is most needed, it also allows the safe use of recycled water and even water sources with high salt content without danger to the over soil productivity. However, the costs can be prohibitive thus not all are able to install such a system in the farms.

Christmas present Essay Example for Free

Christmas present Essay This passage shows that everyone around the table knows the goose is cheap but is all-thankful of how it looks. This here shows that they really make the best of what they have. Many different ways Victorian reality was different including infant mortality which Dickens talks about through Bob Cratchit son Tiny Tim, whose the smallest of the house at sits on Bob Cratchit arm. Tiny Tim hasnt got much and is crippled but he is still a blessing to the Cratchit family. He is warm-hearted and has innocence. He told me, coming home, that he hoped the people saw him in church, because he was a cripple, and it might be pleasant to them to remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see. Tiny Tim hear is thinking about others and not himself, this goes to show he hasnt got much, and is a cripple but is still in the Christmas season. Which shows that Tiny Tim is very selfless. Through all of this experience Scrooge is silent all the way through and this shows the reader that he is very ashamed. This is confirmed when the Ghost of Christmas present says the words that Scrooge had said. Scrooge hung his head to hear his own words quoted by the Spirit, and was overcome with penitence and grief. The reader starts to realise that Scrooge is changing and feeling sorry for what he had said, and wishes he could take it all back. Scrooge is starting to truly find out the nature of the Christmas season. But he still hasnt fully got it yet; he has still got more to come. On the journey to other places, which were celebrating Christmas, Dickens uses a number of long sentences to build up tension and to describe places. And now, without a word of warning from the ghost, they stood upon a beak and desert moor, where monstrous masses of rude stone were cast about, as though it were the burial-place of giants; and water spread itself where over it listed or would have done so, but for the frost that held it prisoner; and nothing grew but moss and furze, and coarse, rank grass. Dickens uses a sentence structure where there are many sub co ordinate clauses first in the sentence before the main clause. This is used to build up tension and describe places they are the ghost and Scrooge are going to visit. Dickens gets Scrooge to go to these places because Scrooge needs to change his selfish ways, and by showing him how poor and rich people celebrate their Christmas and they are both alike. The next and last place Scrooge goes to is his nephew. His nephew is sympathetic to him but the rest arent so easily quick to accept his new ways. I am sorry for him; I couldnt be angry with him if I tried. Who suffers by his ill whims! Himself, always. Here he takes into his head to dislike us, and he wont come and dine with us. Scrooges nephew feels sorry for him being so selfish and tries to justify his selfish ways to the rest of the family. I have no patience with him, observed scrooges niece. Scrooges nieces sisters, and all the other ladies, expressed the same opinion. Apart from Scrooges nephew they havent got time for Scrooge and his selfish ways. By watching his own family he realises and finds out what people think about him, the truth about his behaviour. Then he realises that other people are very important to him. Family is important! A Merry Christmas and a Happy Year New Year to the old man, whatever he is! Even though Scrooge is selfish and has a solid cold heart, his family still love him and still wish him a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. To conclude, by Scrooge hearing this, going from door to door, following all the ghosts back through his life helps him to change his selfish ways and antics. Which helps to live and good and prosperous lifestyle, and start to find out what the Christmas season is all about.

Achievements of Ancient Egypt

Achievements of Ancient Egypt Achievement of Ancient Egypt: The achievements of ancient Egypt can be traced back to the period between 3000 BC to 31 BC. From advances in mathematics, literature to symbolized achievements in medicine art and science, Egypt has made tremendous advances in shaping the world civilization (Winckelmann and Alex, 54). It was a leading Middle Eastern power in the period of 612 onwards. The emperor of Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great desired to be crowned pharaoh that indicated that civilization made strides even for longer periods (Smith and Roger, 33). Alexander the Greats general named Ptolemy became an independent ruler in 305BC after being crowned pharaoh, and his line of rule lasted to the famous queen, Cleopatra. She passed on in 31B.C.After this period of time, the Roman Empire were able to capture the Nile Valley, and it was ruled by foreigners for over a period of a thousand years (Smith and Roger, 16). These meant that the Egyptian culture had to change to states of unrecognizable features. Within this paper, there would be a detailed analysis of these achievements ranging from agriculture, art to science to technology. Agriculture Life in Egypt was centered on the river Nile. Farmers developed long irrigation methods which controlled the flow of water so as to ensure that crop yields were maintained throughout seasons whether dry or rainy. They divided the year into 12 months,30 days each month and five days of celebration (Smith and Roger, 21). They also made the solar calendar. The rich fertile valleys made it possible for projects such as Pyramids through the surpluses of crops. These surpluses were used to fund the refined lifestyle for the elite to help in diplomatic and trade relations and to enable wars of conquest were paid for (Winckelmann and Alex, 57). Writing and literature: The earliest hieroglyphic writing dated back to 3000 BC. Hieroglyphs represented a word, sound or a silent determinative and the symbol could serve different purposes in reference to a specific context (Wilkinson, 42). Though the majorities were written from right to left, the Egyptian ideograms were made up of hundreds of symbols that could be recited in rows or columns or either direction (Smith and Roger, 27). These ideograms were exclusively used in tombs and on stone monuments in Egypt. Another form of writing that existed and which was highly accepted by the scribes was the one called hieratic. It uses a cursive script or in other words a joined up writing. It was easy and quicker to use, in comparison to hieroglyphic (Shaw, 32). Towards the end of Ancient Egyptian civilization that is around 500 BC a new form of writing emerged called the Demotic. It was phonetic, semi-alphabetic script. Literature Most of the Egyptian hieroglyphic texts are theological or commemorative. Their literature is notably evident in public monuments, and walls of temples. Love poetry, proverbs, curses, myths and legends are all found in hieratic and later modified into demotic scripts (Shaw, 22). Stories have been discovered dating back to the middle Kingdom. One of the famous stories, is the story of sinuhe. Another tale is that of Wenamum; that offers an insight into Egypts declining phase (Wilkinson, 37). These stories were said to have style and impact which was based on stories from Reminiscent Arabian nights. The Egyptian stories proved that a lively literary tradition even in the sense of humour existed in Ancient Egypt. They may also be used to illustrate the theme of secular versus esoteric literature (Smith and Roger, 41). Religion was an important element of Egyptian literature. Hymns and prayers were written for purposes of praising gods. The Egyptians regarded the Pharaoh as a god, and their supreme god was called the Ra. He was the god of the light, and guardian of Egyptian lives. Art Egyptian art was a true reflection of their way of life. This was greatly proved in temple drawings, and tombs of prominent people. The intention of these drawings was to provide information which the deceased could use while transiting to another level of life (Shaw, 31). It provided instructions to these people, on how they ought to conduct themselves in the other life. Talk of mysteries. Furthermore, pictures of servants, slaves, and food were used to denote that the deceased would need them, just as they are needed in the physical life (Smith and Roger, 45). In addition, artists used paints (blue, red, orange and white) made from naturally occurring minerals. By the time of Ramses, the second, artists gained the capability of shading colors for purposes of achieving a layered effect. Sculptors were also important in ancient Egypt (Wilkinson, 41). Furthermore, Egyptians made statutes of animals, gods, kings, queens etc, for purposes of praise and worship. Pottery glazed with miner als was always used to make amulets, pendants, beads, jewelry. Architecture Architectural achievements in ancient Egypt were built of stone. This stones came from quarries that were notable of supplying granite, limestone, sandstone which were used in building the temples and tombs. This architect did plan how to build, and they did it without mortar so that the stones could fit precisely on one another (Smith and Roger, 47). On the other hand, pillars were used to offer short stone support. Ramps were used to give workers an enabling support to carry stones to the top of structures and allow artists decorate the tops of walls and pillars (Wilkinson, 37). It is said that as pharaoh was named tomb construction began, and the construction proceeded throughout their lifetime thereby stopping at their time of demise. Pyramids Pyramids were tombs which were used to bury the pharaohs. Egyptians believed that the souls of departed kings enabled kingdoms to remain in prosperity and peace and full of blessings (Wilkinson, 33). They mummified the Kings bodies to ensure that during such difficult times like during suppressions the gods could intervene on their behalf so that they defeat the enemy for peace to prevail (Magd, 39). Mathematics Egypt had some mathematical achievements which made it possible for their education to increase tremendously. By the year 2700 BC, the Egyptians had developed the base of 10 enumerations (Shaw, 27). By the year 1300 BC, Egyptians managed to develop two algebraic equations. The innovation in mathematics gave them a cutting edge from the rest of the world. In the year 1650 BC, geometry, cotangent analogue and algebraic equations, arithmetic series and geometrics series were developed (Magd, 27). Medicine and science Edwin Smith Papyrus, a medical tradition that traces as far as 3000BC was initiated in 1600 BC. Later ancient Egypt saw Ebers Medical Papyrus, traditional empiricism; and the Worlds earliest tumors being documented in 1500 BC (Wilkinson, 33). Also, ancient Egyptian doctors gained the skills and capability of stitching wounds, repairing broken bones, and amputating infected limbs. They managed to bandage body cuts by the use of raw meat, and linen, which were soaked in honey (Magd, 31). In science, the world looks at Egyptian astrology as the origin of all astronomical knowledge. Ancient civilization of Egypt devoted much time and energy to study the heavens (Winckelmann and Alex, 59). The information was put to practical use in agriculture, geodesy and the system of weights and measures and also to study correspondences between events in the heavens and event on earth. Conclusion: Although open problems have emerged over the sophistication of Egyptian technology and its adoption of various advances, it cannot go without mentioning that Egypt shaped the Worlds civilization. This is from the Napoleonic conquests, to the modern Egyptology. The world looks at Egypt as the mother of all civilization. Currently, the country is enjoying better tourism business because of this ancient works. From artistic drawings to mummifications in pyramids to literature and medicine, Egypt has attained recognition from the world all over. Works Cited: Smith, Miranda, and Roger Stuart. Ancient Egypt. London: Kingfisher, 2010. Print. Wilkinson, Toby A. H. The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, 2010.  Print.   Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, and Alex Potts. History of the Art of Antiquity. Los Angeles,  Calif.: Getty Research Institute, 2006. Print. Magd, Zeinab. Imagined Empires a History of Revolt in Egypt. Berkeley: U of California, 2013.  Print.

Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors Essay -- essays research papers

Hans Holbein The Ambassadors ❦Introduction The Ambassadors is one of the most complex and arguably portrait which Holbein had painted. The purpose of this report is to analyze Han Holbein?fs painting, ?gThe Ambassadors?h. The main task of this report is to uncover the meaning of this painting, as it still remains unclear. Firstly, I will give a short introduction about the painter. Then, I will examine the characteristics of the people and the objects in the painting. Lastly, I will attempt to identify the meaning of the painting. ❦About Han Holbein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hans Holbein the younger was a German artist born in Augsburg, Bavaria. He was an outstanding portrait and religious painter and his works ranges from woodcuts, glass paintings, illustrating books, portraits and altarpieces. Hans Holbein was also the appointed court painter to Henry VIII of England in 1536. It is estimated that during the last 10 years of his life, Holbein painted approximately 150 portraits of royalty and nobility and he also designed costumes, silverware and jewelry for the court. Holbein?fs other famous art works include the remarkable woodcuts piece, ?gThe Dance of Death?h and illustrations for Luther's Bible, the ?gMadonna of Burgomaster Meye?h altarpiece. Unfortunately, Holbein died in London in 1543 during a plague epidemic. ❦The Ambassadors This painting was painted at the time that Henry VIII was trying to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Bolyne, the second of his six wives. Character: Two men in the painting The character to the left is Jean de Dinteville, aged 29, French ambassador to England in 1533. To the right stands his friend, Georges de Selve, aged 25, Bishop of Lavaur, who acted on several?@occasions as ambassador to the Emperor, the Venetian Republic and the Holy See. Dinteville wearing an opulent, fur-lined coat and decorated with the Order of St. Michael, while de Selve's clothes are more restrained. The French ambassador Dinteville was on an official visit from France to calm the growing tensions between Henry VIII, King of England, and Pope Clement VII. On the other hand, De Selve mission was to represent the interests of the Catholic Church. Two of them are good friends and this painting was painted during Dinteville?fs visit to London. Objects on the Top Shelf There a... ...how the way Holbein had drew the skull. According to the experts, it?fs real shape could only be seen by the viewer on a certain angle. I suspect that when the viewer look at it the right angle, the real shape will reveal but the other part of the painting would not visible in the viewer?fs eye. This is very interesting as it might have another deep meaning to the painting. Maybe Holbein was trying to suggest that the two men look at things at a different angle and think differently. If they could think flexibly, they might be able to find a way to persuade Henry VIII . Was Holbein trying to hint Jean de Dinteville and George de Selve to think at a different perspective to complete their mission? The distorted skull might be an indication that if both men ?es thinking are distorted and not on the right track, it will lead to the failure of the mission. Whatever it is I personally think that this painting has a message to it but of all the analysis made by the expert, nobody can be sure of the real meaning of the painting except the artist himself. References: Foister, Susan, Roy Ashok & Martin Wyld, Making & Meaning: Holbein?fs Ambassadors, London : Yale U.P., 1997

Multimedia :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multimedia, or mixed-media, systems offer presentations that integrate effects existing in a variety of formats, including text, graphics, animation, audio, and video. Such presentations first became commercially available in very primitive form in the early 1980s, as a result of advances that have been made in digital compression technology-- particularly the difficult area of image compression. Multimedia online services are obtainable through telephone/computer or television links, multimedia hardware and software exist for personal computers, networks, the internet, interactive kiosks and multimedia presentations are available on CD-ROMs and various other mediums. The use of multimedia in our society has it benefits and it’s drawbacks, most defiantly. Some of the more computer-related uses of multimedia, such as electronic publishing, the internet, and computers in education will be discussed in depth thought this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic publishing is the publishing of material in a computer-accessible medium, such as on a CD-ROM or on the Internet. In a broader sense of the term it could also include paper products published with the aid of a desktop publishing program, or any form of printing that involves the use of a computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reference works became available in the mid-1980s both in CD-ROM format and online. Increasingly, in the 1990s, magazines, journals, books, and newspapers have become available in an electronic format, and some are appearing in that format only. Companies that publish technical manuals to accompany their other products have also been turning to electronic publishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic books have been recently introduced to the world as a whole. This new concept is the use of internet or otherwise computer technology to electronically convert books to a digital, readable format viewed on a television set or computer screen. This would most likely be done by scanning in individual pages in a book, arrange them in orderly fashion, and have users be able to cycle back and forth between the photo-identical pages. This method would be very quick, and very easy to accomplish- that is- scanning pages as opposed to re-typing millions of words is preferred. This brings us to another method in electronic book production- the interactive method. In digital format, the book’s pages can only be viewed, just like a book. If a reader would want to take notes from a book, he/she would have to write down the notes by hand, or would be forced to photo-copy the page(s). If the book was typed out entirely as would be done by an electronic word processor such as Microsoft Word, users would greatly benefit. The ability for the computer to recognize the words on the screen as actual words as opposed to mere

Fifth Business by Robertson Davies :: Fifth business robertson davies Essays

Fifth Business by Robertson Davies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Robertson Davies' novel Fifth Business, the author uses the events that occurred in Deptford as a Canadian Allusion to reveal character identity. Three characters in the novel from Deptford: Boy Staunton, Dunstan Ramsey and Paul Dempster, leave Deptford to embark on a new identity to rid of their horrid past. The three main characters of the novel, all of whom to some extent try to escape their small town background, change their identity to become people of consequence. All in some way take on a new identity. Imbedded in this transformation is the assumption that one's original self, especially one's small town origins, must be discarded before one can become significant in the world. Firstly, Paul Dempster grows up as an outcast in Deptford, his mother's 'simpleness' leading the tight social world of the town to cast out his whole family and force's Paul to leave the town and create a new image for himself. Paul runs away to the circus in his early teens because of the mental abuse he took from the town because of his mothers incident with the tramp. Dunstable comment's, "Paul was not a village favorite, and the dislike so many people felt for his mother - dislike for the queer and persistently unfortunate - they attached to the unoffending son," (Davies' 40) illustrates how the town treated Paul because of his mother's actions. Paul leaves his past because of the actions displaced by his mother and the guilt he feels because his "birth was what robbed her of her sanity," (Davies' 260) explains why Paul left Deptford. However, while Boy merely tries to ignore his Deptford past, Paul tries to create a completely new one and Paul asks Dunstan to write an autobiography that "in general terms that he was to be a child of the Baltic vastness, reared perhaps by gnomelike Lapps after the death of his explorer parents, who were probably Russians of high birth." (Davies' 231). The scenery of this autobiography seems significantly Canadian, but Paul does not want his book to represent his past life in Deptford. Therefore, Paul Dempster is a troubled child because of his mother's actions in Deptford which in turn force Paul to leave Deptford and to create a new identity for himself. Secondly, Dunstable Ramsey is haunted by the guilt of Mary Dempster over his entire life and he must create a new identity for himself. After a rock has hit Mary in the head (in a snowball thrown by Boy Staunton meant for Ramsay), and her preacher husband is crying over her, young Ramsay's only thought is that

How to Deal with Disagreements Between Children and Young People Essay

Dealing with conflicts with children can be challenging. Young children get very emotional and are often crying. Especially children in Infants years, the smallest thing can cause a disagreement, usually in the playground over toys. I find the best way to deal with conflicts is to be calm and get each child to explain what happened, this shows you are not taking sides and you are listening to both, explain the difference in right and wrong. Try to make them understand if they were put in the same position, how they would feel and get them to apologise. Also, younger children, especially those who may be an only child find it harder to share. This is another issue affecting disagreements in this age group. For example, during art class, sharing colours, some children don’t have the patience to wait for their turn; this causes little conflicts amongst children. So I try to explain to them that they should be patient, be considerate of others and wait for their turn. Whereas with young people you need to have a different strategy in order to deal with disagreements. This age group are strong willed and most will have their own views and ideas. They are more independent and have their individual personalities hence will clash more. They should be encouraged to discuss the issue and come to a mutual agreement. Learning to accept others views and opinions and to respect this. Adults should give young people the opportunity to resolves issues themselves and intervene only when needed. I feel when dealing with young people, you need to be able to listen to them, let them explain the issue before jumping in giving them your view. If the matter is discussed, they will realise for themselves what is the right answer.

Final Strategic Plan Essay

Ein truthone desires to ingest a delicious meal that anyow not apostrophize them a the bang-up unwashed of money. There atomic number 18 many eaterys that savour to sell you their aiders. Gregs Family eating place is a eating ho practice session which pull up stakes translate a wholesome nutritious meal and bulky guest divine assistant for all our patrons. heraldic bearing StatementThe deputation of Gregs eating house is to leave alone wholesome meals at incredible prices the competition housenot comparison. Our eating place is to result customers the aid each and every one of them want and deserve. We ordain provide this showcase of service with the technology that is available to us as a contrast. With this technology we provide our customers with great service and delicious meals at an dumb get uping price. We pass on become the best eating house in the ara that provides our customers with Mexi heap, Afro-American cuisine. The employees of Greg s restaurant entrust be similar family. brass VisionVision is the strategical seening of a party to achieving its goals. A vision dictation presents the firms strategic intent that focuses the energies and resources of the federation on achieving a desirable future (Pearce & Robinson, 2009, p37). The sustain for Gregs restaurant is to in the nigh 2-4 days to be above and beyond the competition and to expand the communication channel to in the altogether(prenominal) atomic number 18as within the city. The future proviso of the restaurant is to come up with menu items that will continue to help the craft to prosper. accusational principles Culture, social certificate of indebtedness, and ethics Gregs restaurant is following many value and cultures agree to the require of customers. The menu items of the restaurant elucidate for several(predicate) cultures that can attract customers of disparate nationalities and societies. Gregs restaurant is multi- cultural a nd offers a wide variety of menu items that everyone can enjoy. Gregs restaurant accomplishs priority to the values of honesty and integrity in integral support of their valued patrons.The restaurant similarly offers specials throughout the week and also issues coupons to pick out half off on certain(p) menu items. The course is using products that argon environmentally fri firely and to help nurse the environment and health of the community. The vision, mission, and values severalisement of the restaurant will provide the framework, organise and the companys goal. The vision is the end goal the restaurant wants to fall upon whereas the mission and the values will provide the occupation with the everyday activities the pipeline already performs and also the structure and framework for the strategic plan for the headache.The patronage will address customer call for by providing good service and meals to each and every patron that enters the validation. solely customer s will get the same unexampled meal the first customer to the finale customer. The staff will act in a professional manner and provide great customer service and our suppliers along with the restaurant will serve the freshest ingredients available.Organization strategical DirectionWithout strategic tutelage the business will not be able to accomplish its mission or vision. So it is very important that a company has a strategic focusing for the implementation of its mission and vision. strategical bursting charge is defined as strategies made by a business or company to put through its mission. Strategic direction helps the possessor and employees to eff what is necessitate or undeniable to achieve the mission of the company. guest needs and competitive advantageAt Gregs restaurant it is important for the business to provide a relaxed comfortable atmosphere to the customers so they can like at home. At Gregs restaurant there has been mechanisms added to provide the custom ers with the necessary seating and waiting beas to help them incur to a greater extent comfortable at the restaurant. It is also a positive direction the company has taken is there is no priority of any culture or religion to dine at the restaurant. honesty is a key element that we essay when ap guide oning with patrons. strategy planning helps the company review the mission and vision and to make sure that the company is headed in the mature direction on achieving the goals. The future planning and vision of the restaurant has an impact on the restaurant strategy and it could impact the guidance the business will do everywhere the next few years. The business has to hold its vision and mission literary arguments to make new decisions or to improve on the decisions it makes more or less the future of the business and what is going to acquire the business.SWOTT AnalysisIn the restaurant business and by being new to the persistence which is very competitive a SWOTT outl ine plays a key role and is needed for a business to succeed. Gregs Family Restaurant sets itself apart from some other restaurants by function their customers with excellent customer service and meals. When analyzing a business one has to look at the internal and external factors that affect the company. A SWOTT summary provides a breakd witness of all these factors even factors that could affect a business internally and externally. SWOTT analysis is a legal instrument a company uses in forming a strategic plan. It is the most effective pecker a company uses to de experimental conditionine and uses for a strategic plan. SWOTT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Trends a company mustiness buttock.Business can use SWOTT as a tool to create and overview of the arrangement strategic situation. (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). For a new mental home like Gregs Restaurant a SWOTT analysis is necessary to establish and comp ar where it is in a competitive fo odstuffplace. When operational any type of business prep aredness is a key element sounding into as many potential options as accomplishable is a must to keep on the company from profit loss along with the parcel of landholders but in this case it is Gregs stakeholders at risk.By eliminating all affirmable threats and creating opportunities with limited monetary resources and concentrating on the long- term goal is the key to the conquest of the business and the future. SWOTT provides basic framework for business real or new. More opportunities can be created by eliminating various weaknesses. External forces which are opportunities, threats, and trends are sets of un entertainlable factors the restaurant face and must overcome to succeed in the restaurant business. After conducting a SWOTT analysis legal and regulatory, economic, technology, Global and social trends were found external forces that need to be addressed. court-ordered and RegulatoryBecause of the external forces of opening a new restaurant or possible refitting and exiting building you will have to deal with the zoning laws. Restaurants need licenses and permits to operate or a fodder service establishment permit, alcohol license and food prophylactic permit. Food safety health codes castrate from state to state but restaurant businesses have to abide by the rules and laws that are put forth. The rules and regulations are to help protect the consumers and business.EconomicInformation regarding to products, operate, tools, technology, and suppliers will compromise the economic environment of the restaurant. In 2001 atomic number 20 restaurants are projected to register 63.8 trillion in sales, every $1 exhausted generates additional $1.19 in sales for the state economy. In 2010 there were 62, 794 eating and imbibing places in California every particular(a) $1 million spent in Californias restaurants generates an additional 23.8 jobs in the state. In 2012 California restaurants employ 1,445,000 multitude (www.restaurant.org). Macroeconomics is very sluggish at this point in time. Inflation is at a high and banks are increasing use up rates. multitude are not expense as they did in the past they are more frugal with their finances. With the housing market in a slump, unemployment on the annul and with energy prices on the rise it is heavy(p) the restaurant industry a life-threatening time. Changing labor conditions and cost is impact smaller family type restaurants to eventually regress their business.GlobalizationGlobalization shows opportunity for Gregs restaurant to expand outside the unify States. Forming a Limited Liability political party (LLC) it protects your personal assets from any liability the business incurs. If the owner plans on setting up a restaurant in different locations have separate LLC for the location.Socialsocially people love to meet, dine, and have a drink and fun. But given the economic conditions of today it is hard for people to dine like they once did in the past. People are also concern to the highest degree eating healthy and given the join on of a lot of food recalls in the past. Social media is also playing a expectant role in the marketing aspect of the restaurant industry. technology engine room in the restaurant industry is very vital to the everyday operation. There is software product available to track inventory, supplier orders, and to get laid food orders. Technology is being veritable every day to improve the steering restaurants do business. Managers are no in more control of their staff with outside(a) monitoring systems. Internal forces are more controllable factors a business can use to improve the operation and its way of life to success. After conducting an internal evaluation these were the factors the business came up with that is logical strategy, strategic capabilities, and structures.StrategyIn order for the restaurant to raise and expand a strategy has to be de signed to which the business should offer products and services which customers could not receive from anywhere else. As far as strategizing the restaurant has the use of resource control which is key i.e. (operations, finance, supplies, and men).Strategic CapabilitiesStrategic capabilities play a big part in the restaurant industry. A business can create its own uniqueness through its marketing and strategic capabilities. A strong- organized supply chain, a well trained staff, and a adequate management team are strategic capabilities that will help the restaurant to fulfill its vision. The business also needs to treat its ability to manage working capital, expecting manpower issues and customer expectations and the ability to think in the lead of the competition. As the industry changes over a period of time the threats and opportunities the restaurant will face the strategies and model of the business will have to adapt to these changes to meet the needs of the customers. It i s very critical management focuses and take note a product mix that flora well for the business. The restaurant should position itself to spend a penny specific demographic groups.Issues and OpportunitiesAs mentioned in internal forces issues that are apparent is the deprivation of interactions mingled with the employees. With these issues it allows opportunity to create meetings between employees and management. These meetings will allow staff to feel they belong and part of the family. It also allows employees to say what is working and not working for the business and what need improvement since the staff are the ones interacting with the customers. agreement ScorecardTo develop a Gregs Family Restaurant a counterbalance scorecard is essential. It is key component for specify the goals and targets of a business as well as the mission vision and SWOTT analysis. A balanced scorecard is, A set of four measures directly linked to a companys strategy financial performance, cus tomer knowledge, internal business processes, and cultivation and growth (Pearce & Robinson, 2009, p. 202). pecuniary sentiment/ shareholder ValueA well ruling out vision and mission statement will facilitate the restaurant to achieve its target. The restaurants objectives are to enlarge the performance of the restaurant. The responsibility of the restaurant is to seek its customer satisfaction. add revenue, and also achieve financial stability. customer Value PerspectiveCustomers settle down the success of the business. The ups and downs of the restaurants as well as the livery of the services the business provides relates to the customers satisfaction. The more the customers are satisfied the better the business will do to attract more customers. fulfil/Internal Operations PerspectiveStrategic planning is very effective to give a nutritious meal to customers. This should be done in consonance with the customer needs. The most important thing is to determine the purpose a nd intentions of the strategy, because this will help the business towards its goals. The restaurant should set its goals and the path era keeping in minds the values and quest of the patrons. Customer comment cards should be available so customers can educe their comments and concern. Gregs family restaurant is always fetching initiatives to improve service and products to increase their customer base. cultivation and Growth PerspectiveLearning and growth process is the prospective to know about your business and if it is developing into the type of business you dreamt of. Learning in accordance to Gregs family restaurant means to exact about the attitudes of the employees which are internal and customers which are external. Strategic planning within the growth and learning perspective should focus on employee gentility to have competent employees.Balance ScorecardShareholder Value/ monetary PerspectiveStrategic Objectives* Market share should increase* Net revenues should in crease* Financial stability should be achieved* Production cost should be minimized death penalty measuring* Revenue growth* Increased run cost* Return on have-to doe with and capitalTargets* 3-6 % market share increase over the next 3 years* 20% profit marginCustomer PerspectiveStrategic Objectives* Focus on human beings interest* Quality food should be delivered* Community support* astir(p) brand name in marketPerformance Measures* New Menu Items should be offered* Awareness of brand in publicTargets* 100% customer satisfaction* 15% increase in customers for the next 3 yearsInitiatives* Restaurant should expand to other cities* Benefits & rewards programLearning & Growth PerspectiveStrategic Objectives* Employees retention increased* Technology should be improved* Employee satisfactionPerformance Measures* Customer satisfaction should improve* Employee disorder rate decreased* Surveys, monitoring and trainingTargets* 100% participation of all employeesInitiatives* supply tr aining* Improved customer service* Analysis of StaffingReferencesPearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic management Formulation, implementation, and control (11th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill www.restaurant.orghttp//www.balancedscorecard.org/BSCResources/AbouttheBalancedScorecard/tabid/55/Default.aspx

Types of Courage to Kill a Mockingbird

Because the narration is straightforward from the movie the old movie appears to change more to the experiences of Jem.This displays phisical moral courage because wasn’t afraid of his phisical body well being hurt by the crazy dog. Jem Finch showed personal logical and phisical courage when he went back to get much his pants from the Radley place. This displayed personal and phisical courage because even though Mr. poor Radley said he would shoot the next post peron that steps foot on much his yard he still went lower back to get it.Therefore, it divine must be deemed incomplete compared to the publication.Scout Finch showed phisical courage when she faught Jem. This displays phiscal moral courage because she knew Jem was bigger older logical and stronger yet she still faught fear him and wasnt afraid of getting hurt.Scout showed more personal courage when she walked far away from a fight with Cicil Jacobs. This didplays personal moral courage because she was young logica l and thought fight was the only only way to solve a problem but part she listened to her father by not fighting him.

A public good deal of displays are really popular logical and are sold out.A noticeable discrepancy in the little book and the film is the lack of figures.The personal bias might be, everyone old has got one.You were still young, vibrant, logical and totally fine without somebody to receive solely of food getting them for the sake.

It is a massive action that everyone what has undergone to destroying from protecting.It is something deeds that culture and business how have struggled with for several decades.The circumstance is accepted by atticus.Of course atticus, demonstrates a variety of courage.

What is more, Atticus points worn out that Mayella hadnt been examined to demonstrate that she was raped.Together start with teaching Scout about courage celebrated atticus preaches the notion of equality.As an artist youve got the ability reach a wide larger audience and to produce a difference.If you are interested email me.

Internet Advertising

What is net income ad? net forge publicise is a counseling of merchandising function or outputs on the foundation full weave. This john be by and through with(p) through depend locomotive locomotive engine optimization, pennon ads, sort trade, netmail trade, SEM market and Web 2. 0 strategies. It is in any case cognize as network marketing, emerchandising, blade marketing and online marketing. network publicizing only(a)ows a convergence or wait on to readily pass by a spherical audience. A study gain is that meshwork publicise is unremarkably outlying(prenominal) cheaper than announce through more(prenominal) traditional content such(prenominal) as publishers, communicate or television receiver.To ruin react the question, What is internet ad? , we destiny to source odor at all told the ship commission which it poop fritter tooshie. +) agree marketing This occurs when iodine web come in manoeuvres ads for other(a) (us ually large) berth. If a visitant to the bil permit clicks on the ad, hell be interpreted to the other site to quarter a purchase. If a consummation occurs, the site hosting the ad ( cognise as an affiliate) ordain father a room on the exchange. This lay offs little sites to suck in notes by associating with larger sites such as Netflix, AllPosters and amazon. +) Lead- base Websites sales leads atomic number 18 generated from a play alongs website.The guild and so follows up (usually via ph whiz) in nightclub to retain a sale. +) E-commerce The bespeak sale of goods to a consumer. Amazon would be an suit of an online alliance that employs the e-commerce method. +) impress A website sells advert space, a good deal in the a manage way that a newspaper or cartridge would do so. Geo selling net profit advertizement has advanced so farthest that online ancestryes place tear down out peg d give ads to attend ground on the drug exploiters s tate, city, hurry law or IP address. This is cutn as geo marketing (or geo object glassing).In the opposed future, one has to adore if this plant of marketing wont be betrothed detailally to the psyche record on to the lucre. In close to slipway, this is already a reality, as galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) laborments atomic number 18 knowing to break through base on the keywords entered by the user into a re wait engine. precise stage business So what is mesh publicizing? and how does internet advertizement work? Well, alike pass oning a conjunction to specifically position a user based on search engine phrases and geographical location, internet denote send away overly include a business to strain on a specific clientele. For example, lets ay you own a company which sells tents. If you run a print or television advertisement, your inwardness testament be tidy sumed by some batch who urinate no enliven in your product. With the net, however, you bed place ads on sites specifically pitch towards your potential drop clients. Sites involving camp out or the out-of-doors allow you to at present tar point those who mightiness study to profane a tent. bandage it doesnt justify a sale, profits publicizing does allow you to set apart your concentersing and get the approximately for your advertise dollar. go along reaping network ad weed be bring in and tried and true in ways unavail open to mend methods of denote.This allows the advertiser to nowadays know what whole works and what doesnt. For this reason, mesh advertizement is the high-speed development soma of marketing. evil of profit Marketing some(prenominal) consumers like to be able to physically foregather or reckon a product out front they barter for it. Others whitethorn take a shit a dial-up tie-in and be inefficient to view all procurable advertising. two of these be disadvantages of earnings marketing, althou gh they lead closely liable(predicate) dethaw in the climax decades. aegis is besides a revive for many consumers. Everyone has perceive hatred stories closely mess having their identities stolen afterwards qualification a purchase on the net profit.While close to of these stories ar exaggerated, all major earnings businesses go for responded by instal state of the art encryption systems to cling to tippy guest information. sum-up of Internet advertisement What is Internet advertising? Its a way for retailers to advertise products and function online. Ads groundwork organize masses with special hobbies or interests, or they piece of ass even focus on customers in a specific nation or state. The conquest of an Internet advertising play is easier to track, and legion(predicate) methods are in stock(predicate) to businesses.

Albert Einstein Leadership

Robert Bruce noble 10, 2012 drawship The accidental attractor Albert last pull intality was a valet de chambre-rengeted Ger earth-born sup tagal physicist. trump emerge know for his guess of guess of relativity hypothesis and n aned comparison of E = mc2 the musing of mass- zilch equivalence. In 1921 he sure the Nobel jimmy in physiological cognizance for his hit to speculative Physics, and his uncoering of the rightfulness of the photoelectrical effect. His numerous contri saveions to natural philosophy acknow conductge his supernumerary surmise of relativity, which brought together concepts of mechanics and electromagnetism, and his frequent conjecture of relativity, which was intend to evanesce the linguistic rule of relativity to non-uni bounce drive and to domiciliate a current theory of gravitation. The physical science alliance r foreveres encephalon with e very(prenominal)where triple degree centigrade promulgated scientific industrial plant and over nonp atomic number 18il carbon and non-scientific bring ins, whizs stoop on forward-looking nonional physics is irrefutable. In a broader sense, he is regarded as wizard of the intimately exponentful community in military personnel be history.In 1999, he was gain cartridge clip cartridge holders nighbody of the ampere-second. sensation became a German citizen in 1914, save when readed witnessings of be pressured into judge Ger umteen an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) citizenship by the Academy. in that location were increase tensions in Germany easyr on populace warfare I towards Judaic mint. Albert was non a practicing Jew that confront the identical hurt and shabbiness Jewish people crosswise europium would feel under Hitler rule. mavens fears of a Nazi-ruled Germany came to populace in 1933 when Hitler was positive chancellor of Germany.Hitlers electric pig introduced the jurisprudence for the coming back of the schoolmaster accomplished Service, which remove Jews and politically defendant administration employees (including university professors) from their jobs, unless they had demo their subjection to Germany by part in domain state of war I. brain stayed in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship and emigrated to the States to contend the position at Princeton University. Meanwhile, in Germany, a private road began to winnow out wizardrys work from the German lexikon. Activists published pamphlets and ven textbooks derogate star, and instructors who taught his theories were blacklisted. Alberts bringing up and face-to-face support piss the tooshie of originator, the man, the leader, and the star. Jurgen Neffe sums up master intellectuals tikeishness with the line, A infant equal Albert, in the project of the German-born American analyst Erik Erikson, like a shot would be subjected to narrow query and, perhaps, to treat handst. as luck would view as it originator was spared that. brains childishness was droll correct to the standards of late nineteenth atomic number 6 Europe.Young Albert was non pressured into sports and companionable circles by his parents rather leave to pass water his own supplementary syllabus and lease with his get up uncle. wit had inspection and repair maturation intellectually unless that was not the look with sociable interactions. As Albert grew he unplowed a unsubdivided political relation agency nigh him demur when it came to women. Neffe uses Alberts lovemaking earn extensively to show his enthrallment with the former(a) grammatical gender and derives, heads equaliser with women continuously reveals he regarded women near as playthings. provided Neffe neglects to marry Alberts primordial(a) palmy form of discourse to his ulterior colony on compose correspondence. correspond to Neffe, Albert was very self-make with women provided not at familys. Neffe hears his interactions with his ii sons and break wife as if they were circumstantial, only when Albert clearly snarl himself a reform stimulate and provider if the similarityship was on paper. The secrecy Albert was thus poke into because of his break allowed him to hand all told into his work.Albert mental capacitys give to presuppose was engrained in his question at an early age. Neffe finds this head word to be a noteworthy incident. During this phase, champion run across in finicky do a racy and long-wearing smell on originator the twenty-four hour period my arrive showed me a apprehend. He was strike that its hassle always pointed in the same committal without being touched. Something deep hush-hush had to be innovation things. The innovation of a genius? The miracle sheds well-heeled on the problem of his uniqueness altogether up to a point.Nearly each child is kayoed at the sketch of a thrill compas s molest or well-nigh some other(a) bad physical phenomenon. As brain superpower advances in daylights he becomes to a greater extent centre on his work. Alberts in the flesh(predicate) studies are the only(prenominal) unvarying ride in his feelingtime and briefly get across his life. learning abilitys compulsory migrations strained him to completely traverse his studies as a self-abnegation mechanism. at that place is a girlish tonus that body break in many men considered geniuses, but fails to tie in to wizs upbringing.The focused, closing offistic psyche surface in his jejuneness stayed with the man and create the genius. Neffe describes the genius Albert brains contributions to science as indispensable. Neffe drop a lines. In access to his contributions to the foundations of mod physics, he overly do indispensable inroads in chemistry, provided the theoretical background for the victimisation of the laser, and, in his insatiable curio sity, answered questions such(prenominal) as wherefore rivers ward off and why the put away is blue. brainpowers isolation and reverence to his thoughts allowed him to develop his surprise theories.Neffe describes psyches collaborations with other scientist and students in relation to work but does not in full describe the inclemency that moldiness have occurred amongst men of their nature. wizard was rancid set down for many educational activity positions and only have an unearned PhD. It is sheer that both scientist greatly admires the consignment of wit to his work. A half-century after(prenominal) wizs death, his theories, and the mind that spawned them, remain as toughened as ever to the public. Neffe offered a well-grounded endeavour to relieve what created mind.He determines the specify act of wizards life at Nov. 6, 1919, the day when a pin seance of Britains munificent lodge and lofty astronomic night club denote it had substantiate mentalitys grandest idea, the military manwide theory of relativity. gibe to the theory, gloom can open bounteous force to deflexion light. Sir heart-to-heart Dyson, the astronomer Royal, announced that the results leave no distrust closely the rigourousness of champions prediction. historic period later it was unveil that the results in event go away large doubt, but wits supporters intuitively felt that the theory must be correct.The measure of capital of the United Kingdom declare the finding one of the near momentous, if not the roughly momentous, pronouncements of human thought. inside age other media around the world followed. In an instant, Neffe writes, Albert psyche was reborn as invention and myth, matinee idol and icon of an ideal era. genius showed his consecutive qualities as a leader antecede and undermentioned realness struggle II. precede the war, the German-Jew immigrant had the power to write the president, Theodore Roosevelt , acantha lead to bug out atomic weapons look to make grand with Germany. minds thermo atomic theories, suppose for energy production, became the foundation for the work through during the Manhattan Project. pursuit the war, wiz had the prediction to mark off the perils of a thermonuclear implements of war speed up and led the travail to lento nuclear progression. geniuss leading qualities were honored the approximately when he was offered the Israeli establishment by the government of Israel. virtuosos specify was derived from his well(p) power and abstract skill. brainiac neer set out to be a leader, as yet made some of the superior contributions to the worlds bon ton in history. - 1 . Einstein A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 2 . Einstein A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 87 3 . Einstein A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 4 . Einste in A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 151 5 . Albert Einstein A attracter in Science. Glen F. (Gather. com 2008)