Woolf and McEwan How the Modern Became Postmodern - Literature Essay Samples

Ian McEwan’s Atonement draws inspiration from and alludes to a vast number of 20th century modernist authors and works, both stylistically and thematically. For a novel to be considered a successful culmination to the reading of a large body of works, however, it must not be content with merely echoing the themes, styles, and forms of the past. Rather, it must extend them, add to them creatively, and attempt to pull them into contemporary readership. While his thematic and stylistic allusions to 20th century greats such as Virginia Woolf show his intellectual knowledge of and debt to 20th century modernist writing, it is McEwan’s ability to transform these stylistic and thematic elements and mold them into a postmodern classic that makes Atonement a more than adequate culmination to the readings of a 20th century British Literature course.Stylistically, McEwan draws most heavily from the works of Virginia Woolf for the opening portion of Atonement. The slow pace of the opening, allowing for the painstakingly detailed description of nearly every scene, in addition to the examination of the psychological motives of multiple main characters, closely mirrors the style of Virginia Woolf, which she incorporates into the majority of her works. To quote a characteristically slow paced, though psychologically enriched, passage from the opening of Woolf’s Between the Acts, â€Å"Mrs. Manresa bubbled up, enjoying her own capacity to surmount, without turning a hair, this minor social crisis—this laying on of two more plates. For had she not complete faith in flesh and blood? and aren’t we all flesh and blood? and how silly to make bones of trifles when we’re all flesh and blood under the skin† (Woolf 39). The passage, to one unfamiliar with the stylistically innovative style of Woolf, seems to meander under the weight of an overly descriptive narrative and, more prominently, under the psychological musings of a char acter that, until a few pages previous, was nonexistent to the reader. The majority of Between the Acts contains passages of a similar style, of which this is only one randomly chosen example. As is true of many of the passages that can be found in any Woolfian novel, advancing the storyline is secondary to fleshing out the motives, thoughts, and feelings of the characters. With the plot safely set behind in-depth psychological examination in rank of importance, Woolf is free to experiment with a stream-of-consciousness style narrative in which psychological elements of the story feature more prominently than physical elements.In addition to the stream-of-consciousness for which she is well known, there are other characteristics common to much of Woolf’s work. For example, she has the tendency to describe a scene, more often than not, a natural scene, in painstaking detail, reluctant to add action that would too quickly further the narrative. Another passage from Between the Acts provides and adequate example of this, reading, â€Å"Here came the sun—an illimitable rapture of joy, embracing every flower, every leaf. Then in compassion it withdrew, covering its face, as if it forebore to look on human suffering. There was a fecklessness, a lack of symmetry and order in the clouds as they thinned and thicked. Was it their law, or no law they obeyed?† (Woolf 23). This description of nature essentially is of no consequence to the narrative yet the full passage describing the weather proceeds for almost a full page. The flowing, exceptionally detailed descriptions coinciding with an apparently lacking story line and an in-depth psychological view that the reader is privy to as a result of the stream-of-consciousness style, are all aspects of Woolfian literature that McEwan attempts to draw from and mold to his own postmodernist designs.While McEwan draws inspiration from Woolf in a way that would be just as simple for an author of less talent to do, his aims are far deeper reaching than an author who simply wishes to garner a comparison to Virginia Woolf. McEwan does borrow quite clearly from the stylings of Woolf, even commenting it upon it himself, writing, â€Å"we wondered if it owed a little too much to the techniques of Mrs. Woolf† (McEwan 294). Rather than be content with merely keeping her modernist conventions intact, however, he completely alters their meaning within the context of his own novel. In the opening portions of Atonement, for example, McEwan, in quite a similar way as Woolf, attempts to gain entry to the psychological depths of his characters. With the exception of a few broad passages required to move the story forward through dialogue or action, the majority of the opening is devoted to the internal monologues of the characters and an examination of their needs, desires, and feelings. This is clearly defined in the earliest pages as the novel provides passages such as, â€Å"Sh e wanted to leave, she wanted to lie alone, facedown on her bed and savor the vile piquancy of the moment, and go back down the lines of branching consequence to the point before the destruction began† (McEwan 14). This passage, one of many in a similar style throughout Atonement, attempts, in a stream-of-consciousness in the classic Woolfian sense, to examine the inner psyche of the character rather than force any sort physical, tangible action to occur. In this way, the story’s narrative may seem slow paced while the characters’ motives become more well known to the reader.This borrowing stylistically from Woolf is not necessarily important or groundbreaking, and is certainly no deciding factor in whether this novel should be viewed as a classic in coming decades. There have been many authors who have devoted the entirety of their works to the stream-of-consciousness fiction that Woolf helped to pioneer. As mentioned above, what makes McEwan an author deser ving of longevity in his works is that the allusions are not merely presented, but are completely altered from their original meaning by the context of Atonement. He takes deeply alluded to modernist conventions and makes them Briony’s primary source of inspiration, seen most clearly when she ponders the new school of authors and realizes, â€Å"She no longer really believed in characters. They were quaint devices that belonged to the nineteenth century†¦Plots too were like rusted machinery whose wheels would no longer turn†¦It was thought, perception, and sensations that interested he, the conscious mind and how to represent its onward roll† (McEwan 265). There is a certain depth and complexity in the fact that McEwan represents these modernist conventions not as his own, but as those of a thirteen year old girl, the central character of his metanarrative. What McEwan does next with these modernist principles of writing is attempt to show that they too ar e vestiges of the past, doomed to fall in the face of a more ethical and moral fiction. Just as Briony rejects the realism of the authors of the nineteenth century, McEwan is rejecting the modernism of the 20th century in favor of a postmodernism. One of Briony’s internal monologues to which the reader is privy, begins, â€Å"The interminable pages about light and stone and water, a narrative split between three points of view, the hovering stillness of nothing much seeming to happen—none of this could conceal her cowardice† (McEwan 302). These characteristics, all of which have been shown to influence Woolfian literature, have all failed Briony’s attempt to hide what she knows she has done. The monologue continues in a similar vein with, â€Å"Did she really think she could hide behind some borrowed notions of modern writing, and drown her guilt in a stream—three streams!—of consciousness?†(McEwan 302). Her guilt and the moral a nd ethical implications of what she has done cannot be fixed through some outdated ideas of modernist fiction, which has no ethical consequences. There are allusions from dozens of modernists authors sprinkled throughout the length of Atonement. Unfortunately, the scope of this paper can give only one of the most prominent. In a similar fashion as with the Woolf example, however, McEwan nearly always thoughtfully engages the text to which he is alluding, but is not content to merely allow these allusions to sit idly in the novel with no sense of purpose. Rather, each of his numerous allusions has some greater purpose in Atonement as McEwan artfully transforms them into something that fits the overall scope of what he attempts to accomplish. Still, the question remains whether or not this book is an adequate culmination of all the readings in a 20th century British literature course. The fact that Atonement not only draws from modernist writers, many of whom are the focus of th e aforementioned course, but attempts to extend them creatively and transform them from the 20th century modern to the 21st century postmodern makes Atonement an excellent novel and a fine culmination of a semester of 20th century British literature.Works CitedMcEwan, Ian. Atonement. New York: Anchor Books, 2001.Woolf, Virginia. Between the Acts. New York: Harcourt, 2001.

Get the Scoop on Topics to Write about Essay Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Topics to Write about Essay Before You're Too Late Up in Arms About Topics to Write about Essay? If you compose a great deal of essays throughout the calendar year, then you're conscious how boring the articles occasionally. You always intuitively understand as soon as an intriguing essay idea is in fact the ideal idea for you. Write a new haiku in addition to diamante poem. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Some students may believe that essays on cars aren't the most suitable location for creativity. So, you're assigned to compose an essay about cars. Essays on cars can choose the type of a personal essay. Whatever They Told You About Topics to Write about Essay Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Essay writing is an essential section of the program. In some instances, students simply devise the study and imagine the feasible results that may occur. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. 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Pathophysiology Of Lung Cancer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 846 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Lung Cancer Essay Did you like this example? Lung cancer can be defined as a neoplasm in the lungs cells, either small-cell or non-small cells. Also, the cancer can start in the lungs, or elsewhere in the body, and travel through the blood to the lungs. Lung cancer has one main protagonist that causes it; smoking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pathophysiology Of Lung Cancer" essay for you Create order Undoubtedly, the numbers are high; is the third most common cancer in the United States (VanMeter Hubert, 2015). Nevertheless, the recurrence has lowered, but the mortality is high. According to the American Cancer Society, by 2018, there would be around 234,030 new cases of lung cancer; 154,050 deaths from lung cancer, impacting almost equally women and men. (American Cancer Society, 2018). Furthermore, African-American men are more susceptible to develop this disease as well with around a 20% chance (American Cancer Society, 2018). Etiology Smoking is the main predisposing factor when it comes to lung cancer, which is around 90% the causative agent in developing it (Ridge, McErlean, Ginsberg, 2013, p. 96). Additionally, being a passive inhaler can also be a major risk factor in developing lung cancer. The major culprit are the chemicals in cigarettes which cause changes in the lung tissues. For instance, chemicals like asbestos and radon are some of the major chemicals that when inhaled are detrimental for the lungs tissues and cells (Ridge, McErlean, Ginsberg, 2013, p. 96). When it comes to cells, genetic material can sometimes play a role in either developing lung cancer or being exempt from it. Nevertheless, a non-smoker and a smoker can both develop lung cancer. Also, all of the above factors contribute to developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which also contributes to developing lung cancer as well. Once a person survives lung cancer, that survivor status places the individual at risk for recurring lu ng cancer as well. On the other hand, other risk factors for include age, gender, and lifestyle as well. The older a person is, the more likely he or she is to develop cancer which can also metastasized as lung cancer too. Lastly, it has always been proven that an active lifestyle is one of the major preventions of any type of diseases, but some risk factors cannot be change, like age. Pathophysiology Process There are three types of lung cancer: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer. When it comes to causes like COPD and how it relates to lung cancer, it must be observed at a cellular level. COPD is known for the inflammation that forms in the lungs, this inflammation is the result of various irritants that were inhaled, and the body is reacting to them (Miao et al, 2018). Many cells are part of this inflammation in COPD like macrophages, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and T and B lymphocytes. This prolonged edema causes emphysema in the lungs which is damage to the air sacs that enable the gas exchange during the breathing process. While this is happening, the body will try to compensate by coughing and showing hypertension. Since there is an obstruction in the lung tissues, there will be an inadequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange as well. In hindsight, all these cellular level degenerative problems happen as well in smoke rs lungs; since cigarettes contained several carcinogenics and irritants. Clinical Manifestations The manner in which cancer manifest in the body happens in numerous ways, nevertheless signs do not show when the cancer is in its early stages. For instance, shortness of breath and cough are the main signs since there is a buildup of mucus in the bronchioles and the body compensates with coughing to excrete the mucus. Nevertheless, due to the immense edema and emphysema, the mucus remains in the lungs. Moreover, the signs stated above also cause shortness of breath since the alveolus cannot expand properly; the inspiration/expiration is incomplete. There is also coughing up blood (hemoptysis) which is a sign of major tissue damage in the lungs. As result of the excessive inflammation in the lungs, individuals will experience chest pain since the pleural is inflamed and irritated with the coughing and emphysema. Consequently, as the lung cancer progresses, the more pain and complications an individual will experience. If left untreated, lung cancer can metastasize to other regions i n the body through the circulatory system. If it metastasizes, cancer will be fatal to the individual. Diagnostic There are a couple of diagnostic tests physicians employ to detect lung cancer. For instance, an imaging test like an X-ray of the chest portion, would show any abnormal growths on the lungs like nodules or masses. Also, others imaging tests that would give physicians a clearer image are CT scans which would show small lesions that would not be shown in a chest X-ray. Furthermore, a more specific or clearer test on a microcellular level would be a sputum cytology test. Samples taken from the lungs would be examined under a microscope to detect any abnormalities on a microscopy level. Also, a biopsy can be performed, which takes a collected portion of neoplasm to check for abnormal cells. Other test that would also aid in the diagnostic procedure would be testing the oxygen levels in the lungs and blood.

Essay on Organizational Behavior Issues in Aussieco

Aussieco, an Australian company established as a small manufacturing and service operation company in 1962 is now a fully expanded company with 600 employees. The company built its reputation on a single product holding 90 per cent of the Australian market in the 1980. Over the years the market holding has gone down by 30 percent in spite of the product being unique and company facing little competition in the market (Jones,Gal, n.d) The downturn in Aussieco’s performance is mainly due to issues with the company’s management and organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior refers to ‘the understanding, prediction and management of human behavior in organizations’ (Luthans,2010). It is the study of individuals and their behavior in a†¦show more content†¦The post of personnel manager is vacant since 2 months. Employees have no job security and thus are not fully committed to their work. This further increases the company’s costs of recruitment,selection and training. There is lack of motivation and initiative by the management for the welfare of the employees. There is lack of rewards, appraisal and bonus. The workshop roofs are without insulation and leak during heavy rain, no doors and filthy windows point toward bad and unhealthy working conditions. This even gave a loss of $AUS 500,000 when water leakage blew a computerized robot. No parking area provided for the employees, who reach frustrated to the office,which in turn shows in their slow performance. Lack of structured work, irregularity in work and no proper accounts and records maintained by the managers is another organizational issue for Aussieco. Though the record showed a stock of 4700 resistors but none could be located. A welder forgotten by the company after fitting of new automat is idle and has no contribution in the company. Reasons why these problems occur. One of the major reason for the organizational issues of aussieco is the employee attitude. Job satisfaction focuses on employee attitude and organizational commitment focuses on their attitude towards the organization. Job satisfaction is determined by how well the expectations of employees are met in return of their output (Luthans,2011). The aspects of job satisfication are not met

The Theory Of Behavioral Finance - 2911 Words

1. Introduction Efficient market hypothesis had been a topic of significant interest to the academicians, practitioners and the corporate executives for a long period. Under Eugene Fama’s(1965) survey, it is reflected that there is a turning point of the modern finance by efficient market hypothesis. However, there had been a shift in the focus to the theory of behavioral finance (Shiller, 2003) recently. Behavioral finance is the financial structure which supplements various parts of finance (Gallagher, 2003). It is the module which supports and displays the behavior of the investment managers and assists in the overall process of management. Therefore, behavioral finance is a unique art which is required to be selected in order to understand the outcomes of interactions between the investment managers and the corporates. Given this background, this essay examines how the behavioral finance has challenged the efficient market hypothesis and the implications of behavioral finance for investme nt managers. 2. Definition and concept of efficient market hypothesis According to Eugene Fama’s (1970), with the rise in the information, there is rapid spreading of the information which is immediately incorporated in the security prices. This is called the efficient market hypothesis and it is associated with â€Å"random walk† theory. The random walk theory which suggests the randomness of changes in a series of price forms the basis of efficient market hypothesis. Thus, theShow MoreRelatedIn the modern finance theory , behavioral finance is a new paradigm , which seeks to appreciate and1000 Words   |  4 PagesIn the modern finance theory , behavioral finance is a new paradigm , which seeks to appreciate and expect systematic financial market influence of psychological decision making ( Olsen R A, 1998). 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Essay On Smoking Example For Students

Essay On Smoking smoking: Smoking in public places should be illegal, and today, we theaffirmative team, will giveyou many reasons to prove why. People have been smoking cigarettes for hundreds of years, but it wasntuntilrecently that people started to realize exactly how bad cigarette smoking is. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-Category:Social IssuesPaper Title:smokingText:Smoking in public places should be illegal, and today, we the affirmativeteam, will giveyou many reasons to prove why. People have been smoking cigarettes for hundreds of years, but it wasntuntilrecently that people started to realize exactly how bad cigarette smoking is. It can have anumber of negative effects on the smoker, such as Lung Cancer, Emphysema,HeartDisease etcNot only can it have these effects on the smoker, but a personwho is simplybeing exposed to the smoke can contract the same illnesses, which hardlyseems fair. Smoking in public places is actually endangering peoples lives. Secondhand smoking is proven to cause lung cancer. Many reputable groups thathave inspected the evidence have reached the same conclusion, such as the USSurgeongenerals office, National Research Council, National institute ofoccupational safety andhealth, international agency for research on cancer, and the US occupationalsafety andhealth administration. Studies conducted show that people who breathesecondhandsmoke are 150% more likely to get lung cancer later. Exposure to second handsmokecauses about 47,000 deaths from heart disease and 3,000 lung cancer deaths,makingSecondhand Smoke the third leading cause of preventable death in the country. Not onlythat, but Secondhand smoke causes up to 300,000 cases of lower respiratorytractinfections such as bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. These childrenand adults are totally innocent, and have made the choice to keep theirbodies healthy byNOT smoking, yet their results are just as bad, if not worse, then thesmokers! Americansshould have the right to be healthy if they so choose, and to do that, weneed to create asmoke-free environment in all public places. Cigarette smoke contains about 300 dangerous chemicals. In order to containthese chemicals to just the smoking sections, ventilation rates would have tobe increasedmore than a thousand-fold to reduce cancer risk. Even if we had the money todo that, itwould be impractical, because it would crease a virtual windstorm!Many places in the US already do ban smoking and the results have all beenpositive. 85% of the nations shopping malls are now smoke free. Princetonborough andtownship are doing things that hopefully many other towns and cities willfollowthey arethe first localities in the New York metropolitan region to outlaw smoking inalmost allpublic places, including bars and restaurants. The Law states that smokingshould beallowed only in private homes, outdoors and in the boroughs single smokeshop. This isexactly the kind of law we need throughout the United States. Many restaurants across the Nation have banned smoking and it has not hurtbusiness at all. Even smoke-free ordinances in North Carolina, the number onetobacco-producing state in the US, have brought on a positive effect. The vastmajority of studiesshown have proved the same thing. Studies in California and Arizona hadsimilar results. Massachusettss smoke free restaurants increased sales by 4%. In New YorkCity, eatingout has increased since the citys clean indoor air law took effect. The year2000 thetarget date to make all enclosed public areas smoke free. New York started bylimitingthe smoking sections in existing restaurants and making all new restaurantscompletelysmoke-free. In all my research, I only found one article on how clean indoorairregulations had a negative effect, and it turned out those places weregetting paid off bythe tobacco company!Not only does the new law not affect the restaurants and other public places,but itdoesnt affect the people negatively either! In a recent pole, 2.8 million ofthe 46 millionsmokers said theyd quit if there were a national ban. Fifty thousand otherswould decidenot to start each year the law is in effect! This may not sound like a lot,but it is. .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed , .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .postImageUrl , .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed , .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed:hover , .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed:visited , .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed:active { border:0!important; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed:active , .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e61a324b5d585ab26b008f6d34346ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jesse Ventura I Aint Got Time To Bleed EssayCigarette consumption would decline at least 10%, which is about 2.5 millionpacks ayear! Before, about one half of the non-smokers were avoiding certainrestaurants b/c ofthe smoke. Now, 17% of non-smokers eat out more, and are making up greatlyfor the33% of smokers who refuse to eat in these restaurants. This may seem like alot, but infact, it isnt! Only 30% of Americans smoke, so actually only 10% arenteating out b/c ofthe law, while about 30% more people are! In total, 86% of the Americanpopulation isnot only fine with the Clean Indoor Air